Lecture 11 - Medieval Growth and the Renaissance

Terms

Cluny - a new monastery created in the 10th century which revitalized the Church, founded by William the Pious in 909 in Burgundy (built a church from 1080-1225)
Cistercian - another new order of monks which helped revitalize the Church and also created new wealth in Europe, founded 1098, white habits, strict interpretation of Benedict, located in wilderness
Gothic Arch - a new way of building which created huge and dramatic structures, will bear more weight
Dominicans - a new order of monks who lived outside the monastery, St. Dominic 1170-1221, use preaching and reason, lived according to rule of Benedict but in the world, became a teaching order
Friars - Dominican monks
Franciscans - a new order of monks which influenced young people across Europe, St. Francis, recovered from illness and gave up all worldly wealth, 1223 founded new order, lived among people, accepted life of poverty, founded universities
Crusade - an attempt to channel Europeans violence to a Christian ideal
Flanders - the area of modern Holland and Belgium which developed an urban culture
Venice - the greatest city of medieval Europe
Doge - the leader of Venice
Florence - a great Italian city state and rival of Venice
Countess Matilda - founder and inspiration for Florence
Guild - structure of business, commerce and manufacturing governing body, ensured materials and prices were approved and work was up to standard
Bruges and Ghent - 2 major cities in Flanders
Hanseatic League - North German league of cities devoted to commerce (1344)
The Hundred Years War - war between England and France (1340-1453) Edward III traded insults with king of France, mercenaries fought for England, the longbow was used by English, 1346 & 1356 & 1415 (Agincourt) English destroyed French heavy cavalry
Parliament - representative body in England which grew during the period, enhanced because kings needed to pay for mercenaries
Estates-General - representative body in France (1302) provided revenues to the crown, insisted on collecting taxes itself
John Hus - religious reformer in Central Europe (Bohemia), burned as a heretic
Joan of Arc - savior of France, led army toward relief of Orleans, captured and ransomed to the English - burned as a heretic (1430)
John Wycliffe - religious reformer in England d. 1384, his bones were burned for heresy
Bubonic Plague - European disease in the 14th century
Renaissance - rebirth of classical culture in Europe

Pope Gregory VII (ruled 1073-1085) spent time a Cluny before he became pope, introduced sweeping reforms in the Church
Papal bulls - letters send from the pope to all churhmen
Chancel - location of high altar
Transept - important local families
Nave - body where strangers and lay brotherhood (illiterate) gathered to worship
St. Bernard of Clairvaux d. 1153 - Cistercian monk who found monastery at Clarivaux
Mont St. Michel - monastery in Normandy 12th and 13th c.
Flying buttress - allowed buildings to be even taller

Astrolabe and abacus obtained from Muslims
Astronomy, physics, geography
Henry IV - Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Gregory the VII in 1076. 1077 Henry IV absolved by Pope.
Innocent III - most powerful of all medieval popes 1198-1216
Council of Clairmont 1095 - Pope Urban II proclaimed the 1st Crusade
Godfrey of Bouillon - leader of 1st crusade
Krak des Chevaliers - crusader castle in Palestine
Northern Italy, Flanders, Northern Germany - spawned an urban culture
Arrival of Mongols amongst Muslims distracted them and allowed Italian merchants to gain an upper hand, able to intrude into the Eastern Mediterranean
San Marco - Venetian cathedral created in 1043, marks time of greatness
1210 - Venetian fortress established on Crete
1244 - Venice traded up into Black Sea
Venice issued gold coin (ducat)
1252 - Florence issued gold coin (florin)
Bruges - founded in 9th century - imported raw wool and wove it into cloth, harvested herring
Ghent - founded in 10th century as a fortress, weavers and dyers
Growing commercial system challenged feudalism and its agricultural base
13th c. onward - monarchs forged alliances with towns
1346 - English using the cannon
1302 - Papal bull urging a single faith
1303 - French troops killed the pope
Clement the 5th moved the papacy to Avignon
In 1409, council deposed both popes (schism)
1417 - Martin V elected pope to heal rift