The Transatlantic Slave Trade

This passed on from Jennifer B:

"I found another [site] that may be of some interest on the topic of Europeans and slavery. At: http://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/histContextsC.htm

This website talks about the particulars as to what people the West Africans chose to give to the Europeans as slaves (debtors, criminals, etc.) It's a fairly interesting read!"

Thanks, Jennifer!

Lecture 18 - The 19th century

Terms

Czar - Crown head of Russia
Nationalism - most important ideological force in the 19th century, networks of spies, censorship
Count Camillo Benso Cavour - creator of modern Italy, industrialist, advocated union of Northern Italy, allied with French against Austrians
Otto von Bismark - architect of modern Germany, chief minister of Prussia and Junker
Romanticism - reaction to rationalism and the industrialized world, centered in German universities, spread to France, England and U.S.
Communism - ideology created in 19th century
Louis Pasteur - French scientist d. 1895 helped silkworm growers and winemakers, immunization for rabies, milk pasteurization prevented spread of TB
Charles Darwin - architect of evolution, Origin of Species
Social Darwinism - suggested that society could be modeled after evolutionism
Sigmund Freud - founder of psychoanalysis, interpretation of dreams 1900
Albert Einstein - creator of relativity 1905 (1879-1955)
Sarajevo - place where WWI began 1914 - Archduke Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian terrorist

Conference of Vienna - 1815 sought to re-establish polities of Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1814 and the dissolution of the Holy Roman empire in 1806
Alexander I of Russia - abolished torture, allowed foreign books, liberation of one's own serfs
Metternich d. 1859 - worked to ensure confederation of German states did not allow Prussia to increase in power
Louis XVIII of France - granted limited constitution in 1814, moderate reformer

Guisippe Garibaldi - 1807-1887, leader of Red Shirts
1861 - Kingdom of Italy proclaimed
1862 - Creation of German empire
1863 - Bismarck supported Russians against Polish revolt
1866 - Prussian and Austria went to war. Prussia coordinated troop movements using telegraph and railroad
1870 - French declaration of war against Prussia
1871 - Napoleon III outmaneuvered by Bismarck
Wilhelm proclaimed emperor of Germany in Versailles

1840s - screw propellor
1850s - compound steam engine
1860s - steel hull
1880 - first refrigerated ship from Argentina to Europe

Britain was workshop of world, but challenged by German and U.S.

Frankenstein - attempt to create perfect human, which turned out to be abomination
1850s - more English lived in cities than countryside
Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and London grew substantially
Millions of people went the Americas, Australia, NZ, South Africa

Socialism - Marx and Engels formulated Communism
Victorian era - prudish age, benefits of technological order, railways extended, merchant marine grew greatly
Queen Victoria 1837-1901
Russian opened coal and iron fields in the south, borrowed from French to finance industrialization
U.S. growth after 1870 founded by Britain and Germany

Dr. Robert Cock - studied anthrax, later isolated cholera and tuberculosis, infectious diseases
Joseph Lister - clean hands and operating environment, preventive medicine

Nurses -
1839 - Swan developed cellular theory
Mendel - gene theory
Herbert Spenser - 1820-1903 social Darwinist
Thermodynamics, helium discovered, electricity, x-rays, Marconi's wireless telegraphy
Golden age of written word, new means of making paper brought price down
Tolstoy 1828-1910
Dostoyevesky
Dickens 1812-1870 wrote about ordinary people
Zola (France)
Science fiction was born - Jules Verne
Prussia established training schools for teachers, also had Universities
France had advanced schools as well, had Polytechnique

Mass culture developed - cafes, dancing, beer gardens, bathing at seashore, sporting events

1869 - Suez Canal opens - financed by French, English later took over
Khedive Ismail of Egypt deposed 1879
Decline of Ottoman Empire caused Russia and Germany to become rivals
France loaned money, entered into defensive alliance with Russia 1894, eventually included Britain

Bismarck resigned (pushed out) in 1894?

Francis Joseph of Austria - 1848-1916 wanted to punished Serbia, asked Germany for help
July 23, 1914 -
July 28 - Austria declared war on Serbia
Germany attempted to secure British neutrality
Lord Grey 1851-1917 - proposed European congress to deal with matter
Helmuth von Moltke 1848-1916 - privately encouraged Austria to wage war on Serbia
Wilhelm II 1859-1941 -

Lecture 17 - Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution

Terms

Patent Laws - Protects intellectual property
Turnip Townsend - Nickname of Lord Townsend, improver of agriculture
Coke of Holkham - Improver of agriculture in 18th century
Thomas Savery - Invented steam engine, used for pumping water out of mines
James Watt - Scotsman who perfected modern steam engine, 1769
The Terror - French Revolution - period when guillotine ruled (50,000 people executed)
Jacques Danton - Dynamic, moderate leader of French Revolution
Maximilien Robespierre - Took French Revolution to extremes, headed "committee of public safety"
Napoleon Bonaparte - Consolidated gains of French Revolution and used it for conquest
Nationalism - force of 19th century, resisted internationalism of revolution
John Wilkinson - Great iron master, propelled Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution - started in England in 1760 and spread to other parts of Europe
Expanded the economy while maintaining a hierarchical society (from status/nobility before to wealth/merit based afterwards - occupation prestige)
Cities and literacy were two of the important results.
England - was geographically secure island, in physical position to exploit Atlantic trade routes, had patent laws
Requirements - adequate transportation for goods, commercial climate to market/sell goods, agriculture must support those working in factories instead of fields, creative climate to allow entrepreneurs to flourish
Jethro Tull - invented the seed drill
Rotherham plow - used only two horses and one man
Estuaries were dredged to allow larger ships through
Turnpike act - allowed improvement of roads (tolls)
Postal systems
Canals - 1758 Duke of Bridgewater - canals covered Britain
Railways came along after 1829
Samuel Crompton's mule - combination of water frame and spinning jenny (1779)
First factories created at end of 18th century
Lafayette - Revolutionary leader of France who wanted moderate reforms
1792 - War declared with Austria and Prussia

Lecture 16 - Development of science in the west

Terms

Ptolemy - Ancient philosopher and geographer, Earth centered universe
Great Chain of Being - man, God, and Earth linked
Nicholas Copernicus - 16th Polish thinker - theorized sun at center of solar system
Johannes Kepler - mathematician, noted that planets in elliptical orbits, assistant to Brahe
Tycho Brahe - astronomer, well-known for his recorded observational data
Sir Francis Bacon - English lawyer and aristocrat - enunciated scientific method
Inductive Reasoning - the scientific method
Rene Descartes - French mathematician 17th century
Leibnitz - Originated calculus
Isaac Newton - Law of gravity
Deism - God was the first cause, then universe went on
Dialogue on the Two Chief world Systems - Work by Galileo, compared rival cosmological theories
The Enlightenment - Created climate of reason
John Locke - Philosopher, rejected political dogma, sought rational explanation for government, humans born with tabula rasa, denied divine right of kings
Toleration Patent - Issued by Emperor of Austria - Allowed toleration of minority religions
Galileo Galilei - Italian mathematician/astronomer, challenged authority of church, did not invent telescope, sketched mountains of the moon and sunspots

Lecture 15 - Early Modern Society

Terms

Tulip Mania - Early 17th century
Putting out System - economic system
Abraham Darby - Englishman who perfected iron smelting with coal
Thirty Years War - early 17th century (Protestants against Catholics)
Water Meadows - improvement allowing greater crop yield
Pogroms - violence against certain minorities (Jews and gypsies)
Protoindustrialization - change in society that directed people toward industrialization

Philip II of Spain - tried to restore old order, maintain Christendom
Poor, Protestant North; Rich, Catholic South
Elizabeth I - ruled England for latter half of 16th century
Big changes in agriculture, mining, and production
Population in Europe doubled from 1500 - 1600
People flocked to the cities, grew from 10% to 25% of total population
New crops in Europe (imported or grown) - sugar, rice, white potato, tobacco, coffee
Leisure was commercialized, books declined in price
Gutenberg's movable type
Peasants ate 3-5 lbs of bread per day
Price of food fell due to more efficient agriculture
Tin, lead, and copper were used extensively
Coal was extenstively mined - shortage of wood in some areas - gunpowder used to move rocks, tracked carts in mines developed
Significant inflation (300-400%)
11 million black Africans brought to America, easily identified, displaced native population
Unfamiliar with land, language and culture
Turned into field hands, recreated ancient agriculture not dependent on machines

Lecture 14 - European expansion

Terms

• The Bubonic Plague - arrived 1341 in Italy, in Spain, Paris, and England by 1348. Killed up to 35% of population. Killed people in 24 hours.
  
• Christopher Columbus
• Renaissance
• Portolan Chart - careful maps of coastlines
  
• Henry the Navigator - King of Portugal
• Empire of Mali
• Mansa Musa - greatest king of Empire of Mali
• Great Zimbabwe - East African kingdom
• Ferdinand Magellan - Spanish explorer
• Potosi - Peruvian silver
• Cog - type of sailing vessel
• Carrack - sailing vessel (Santa Maria example)
• These were different than any previous empires, because they were seaborne. Driven by religion, greed for gold, and glory.
  

Roman art showing at Seattle museum

There is a cool exhibit coming to the Seattle Art Museum. It's Roman art from the Louvre, and it should be a neat way to get a hands-on feel for what we've been learning in class.