Terms
Appeasement - policy developed in the 1930s to try to diffuse crises using only peaceful means
The Manhattan Project - U.S. project to build atomic bomb during WWII 1942 (Oakridge, TN & Hanford)
Bretton Woods - agreement made at the end of WWII to reorder money supply, effectively made U.S. dollar the world reserve currency
United Nations - created during WWII 1945 and ratified shortly afterwards
Isolationism - movement to keep the U.S. out of world affairs, led to rise of Fascism and Nazism in Europe
Decolonization - 1947 England left India, 48 Burma, Sri Lanka, 1950-1980 all of African gained independence
Mao Tse-tung - Communist revolutionary leader of mainland China
Mikhail Gorbachev - Russian leader who transformed Soviet society in the 1980s
Cultural Revolution - Mao's experiment to reinvigorate and re-revolutionize Chinese society
N.A.T.O. - formed in 1949 by U.S. and European nations to protect them against Communist aggression
Senator Joseph MacCarthy - post-war paranoid of Communism
1937 - Japanese fighting in Shanghai, Manchuria (U.S. protested by eventually cutting off oil supply to Japan)
1938 - England and France tried to placate Hitler (misguided diplomacy)
1938 - Hitler dismembered Czechoslovakia, signed a treaty with Stalin and then attacked Poland
1940 - German broke through French defenses (German tanks had radios)
1940 - Battle of Britain, fought in the air
Winston Churchill led England
1941 - Hitler attacked Russia in the spring, by winter they had enormous supply difficulties, as they were far from home
Dec 7 - Japanese aircraft sank nearly entire Pacific fleet in Pearl Harbor
Jan 3, 1942 - U.S. surprised Japanese fleet on its way to Midway
1942 - German surrender in Stalingrad
Jul 16, 1945 - First test of bomb
Aug 6, 1945 - Hiroshima
Nagasaki 120,000 people killed outright in both attacks
Aug 14, 1945 - Surrender on USS Missouri
1944 - Bretton Woods created the IMF - purpose to avert currency crisis
1945 - Leagues of Nations dissolved, transferred to United Nations
Soviets refused to participate
Berlin blockade, Russians tried to keep resupply trucks out - U.S. organized airlift
May 1949 - Soviets lifted blockade
Apr 1949 - NATO treaty signed
1951 - Germany and France formed Iron and Coal community, evolve into common market
1961 - Julius Nyerere of Tanzania
Cold War - containment of Communism, nuclear arsenal
1952 - U.S. exploded first hydrogen bomb, Russia 1 year later, Britain in 1955
Communists and nationalists fought Chinese civil war, 1949 Mao became chairman
1945 - Korea divided in two
1950 - Communists invaded the south, American troops came to its aid, Japan was primary supply base
Post war was period of fairly rapid economic growth
1948 - Israel created by U.N.
1950s - 60s - Newly Industrials Countries, import substitution (Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong)
Latin American countries such as Mexico and Brazil were not as successful
1960s - American students protests Vietnam war
British - ban the bomb
French students - trying to overthrow government
Concerned about nuclear weapons, technology, environmental problems
Photos of Earth from space
Martin Luther King, Jr., NAACP to protest for freedom
Extrapolitical
African countries had exports that didn't bring in much in the way of earnings, therefore they couldn't get going economically or industrially
China - large population, 1949-1970s under Communist regime, since then has moved toward market economy, has a skilled merchant class which is networked internationally, set up special economic zones, invited foreign investment, allowed businesses to go back into private ownership, large amounts of environment devastation, have not yet privatized inefficient state enterprises
India - followed state led pattern after independence, but remained democracy, tremendous poverty, unbridled population growth, invited foreign investment, invested in education, ethnic tension
1961 - American advisers in Vietnam
1970 - U.S. strategic oil interests in Middle East
1973 - Withdrawal from Vietnam
1965-1976 - Mao tried to create egalitarian society "cultural revolution"
Economic regions -
20th century - greatest rate of inflation ever
Monday, December 10, 2007
Sunday, December 9, 2007
Maps of War
Maps of War has an awesome animated map of empires over the ages. As the title says, it's "5000 years of history in 90 seconds." Very cool. If you haven't looked at Maps of War, I highly recommend it.
This map of religious expansion is amazing as well.
This map of religious expansion is amazing as well.
Lecture 19 - First World War
Terms
Somme - one of the major offenses undertaken by the Allies against the Germans
Tannenberg - great battle won by Germany on the Eastern front, helped bring down Russian regime
Vladimir Lenin - leader of the Communist Russian revolution
Peter the Great - 18th century czar who sought to modernize Russia
Soviets - "committee" who rule much of Russia during the beginning of the revolution
League of Nations - suggested and created by President Woodrow Wilson to help resolve world conflicts, U.S. didn't join. World Health Organization also created
Fascists - group who believed in strong state control to restore order to society and the economy
Meiji - name taken by Japanese emporer in 1867/68 began creation of a modern industrialized Japan
Sunrise Industries - industries which will grow and create jobs in the future
Joseph Stalin - successor to Lenin in 20s/30s who transformed Soviet state at considerable expense
Zaibatsu - group of large Japanese firms, the managers who ran them, and the values that they shared
Adolph Hitler - leader of Nazi Germany in the 1930s & 40s
All Quiet on the Western Front - Novel by Erich Maria Remarque about the horrors of World War I
Artillery killed more soldiers than machine guns
Italy joined allies in 1915
Hemingway wrote A Farewell to Arms based on his experiences
600,000 French and British killed
400-500,000 Germans killed
2,000,000 Russian deaths
Canned food
Tank 1916
Airships
Airplanes
Poison gas
U-boot
U.S. brought into war 1917 - bankers had loaned millions to France and Britain, created boom economy in U.S., launched aircraft industry
Czar Nicholas II
Peter the Great 1689-1725 introduced Western technology
1861 - serfs liberated in Russia by Czar Alexander II
1866 - centralized bank created in Russia
1890s - expanded railways
French were active lenders to the Russians, concluded in defensive alliance
Coal mines, iron, oil - Russian industrial growth matched growth of other nations including the U.S.
1914 - Russia had passed through the first phase of industrialization
1917 - strikes and riots were frequent due to stress on food system
Lenin called for confiscation of all land by the peasants, called for withdrawal from war
1917 - Red Guard stormed the Czars palace
followed by civil war and great famine 1921-22
Germans pushed allies to withing 30 miles of Paris
German navy mutinied in 1918, Armistice followed
German economy devastated
New currency was issued 1 mark : 1 trillion old marks
Rockefeller - organized oil industry
U.S. immigration 1870-1900 population almost doubled
1920 - 2nd industrial revolution (automobiles on a mass scale)
Late 1920s - profits went to only about 5% of population
Farmers experienced depressed prices
1929 - stock market crash - global collapse
1933 - 1/3 American workers jobless, 6 million Germans out of work
Stalin d. 1953, replaced Lenin 1927 - launched collective of agriculture, began purging resistance, including those in his own party, killed more people than the Germans did
Benito Mussolini - fascists, used bullying tactics, fear of Communism
Adolf Hitler - appointed chancellor in 1933, removed all opposition, then purged his own party, restored economy, rearmed country, began expansion of Germany
Japanese industrialization - Takagawa was a feudal state (1600), centralized, dominated by powerful Shogun. Produced 250 years of peace and stability. Numerous trading towns and cities, internal commerce, cash crops, undermining traditional feudal structure. Created degree of disaffection in warrior class.
Admiral Perry - arrived in Japan in 1853, initial reaction was hostile
Japanese learned a lesson from the Chinese (overrun by the West)
1867 - Overthrow of Takagawa, restoration of emperor (Meiji restoration)
Many of the Meiji supporters were young (30) samurai and made clandestine trips to the west beforehand
Meiji were rational shoppers, taking what they thought were the best from each place they visited (U.S. education, British postal system)
Capital came from heavy taxes on peasants, this was a key to success
Zaibatsu - built roads, ships, banking, insurance, mining operations (reflected and extended traditional samurai values, sense of loyalty, patriotism) Mitsubishi was one.
Working conditions were harsh, similar to other industrialized countries
Emperor Meiji 1867-1912
Shintoism emphasized the unique nature of the Japanese people, fueled growing imperialism
Somme - one of the major offenses undertaken by the Allies against the Germans
Tannenberg - great battle won by Germany on the Eastern front, helped bring down Russian regime
Vladimir Lenin - leader of the Communist Russian revolution
Peter the Great - 18th century czar who sought to modernize Russia
Soviets - "committee" who rule much of Russia during the beginning of the revolution
League of Nations - suggested and created by President Woodrow Wilson to help resolve world conflicts, U.S. didn't join. World Health Organization also created
Fascists - group who believed in strong state control to restore order to society and the economy
Meiji - name taken by Japanese emporer in 1867/68 began creation of a modern industrialized Japan
Sunrise Industries - industries which will grow and create jobs in the future
Joseph Stalin - successor to Lenin in 20s/30s who transformed Soviet state at considerable expense
Zaibatsu - group of large Japanese firms, the managers who ran them, and the values that they shared
Adolph Hitler - leader of Nazi Germany in the 1930s & 40s
All Quiet on the Western Front - Novel by Erich Maria Remarque about the horrors of World War I
Artillery killed more soldiers than machine guns
Italy joined allies in 1915
Hemingway wrote A Farewell to Arms based on his experiences
600,000 French and British killed
400-500,000 Germans killed
2,000,000 Russian deaths
Canned food
Tank 1916
Airships
Airplanes
Poison gas
U-boot
U.S. brought into war 1917 - bankers had loaned millions to France and Britain, created boom economy in U.S., launched aircraft industry
Czar Nicholas II
Peter the Great 1689-1725 introduced Western technology
1861 - serfs liberated in Russia by Czar Alexander II
1866 - centralized bank created in Russia
1890s - expanded railways
French were active lenders to the Russians, concluded in defensive alliance
Coal mines, iron, oil - Russian industrial growth matched growth of other nations including the U.S.
1914 - Russia had passed through the first phase of industrialization
1917 - strikes and riots were frequent due to stress on food system
Lenin called for confiscation of all land by the peasants, called for withdrawal from war
1917 - Red Guard stormed the Czars palace
followed by civil war and great famine 1921-22
Germans pushed allies to withing 30 miles of Paris
German navy mutinied in 1918, Armistice followed
German economy devastated
New currency was issued 1 mark : 1 trillion old marks
Rockefeller - organized oil industry
U.S. immigration 1870-1900 population almost doubled
1920 - 2nd industrial revolution (automobiles on a mass scale)
Late 1920s - profits went to only about 5% of population
Farmers experienced depressed prices
1929 - stock market crash - global collapse
1933 - 1/3 American workers jobless, 6 million Germans out of work
Stalin d. 1953, replaced Lenin 1927 - launched collective of agriculture, began purging resistance, including those in his own party, killed more people than the Germans did
Benito Mussolini - fascists, used bullying tactics, fear of Communism
Adolf Hitler - appointed chancellor in 1933, removed all opposition, then purged his own party, restored economy, rearmed country, began expansion of Germany
Japanese industrialization - Takagawa was a feudal state (1600), centralized, dominated by powerful Shogun. Produced 250 years of peace and stability. Numerous trading towns and cities, internal commerce, cash crops, undermining traditional feudal structure. Created degree of disaffection in warrior class.
Admiral Perry - arrived in Japan in 1853, initial reaction was hostile
Japanese learned a lesson from the Chinese (overrun by the West)
1867 - Overthrow of Takagawa, restoration of emperor (Meiji restoration)
Many of the Meiji supporters were young (30) samurai and made clandestine trips to the west beforehand
Meiji were rational shoppers, taking what they thought were the best from each place they visited (U.S. education, British postal system)
Capital came from heavy taxes on peasants, this was a key to success
Zaibatsu - built roads, ships, banking, insurance, mining operations (reflected and extended traditional samurai values, sense of loyalty, patriotism) Mitsubishi was one.
Working conditions were harsh, similar to other industrialized countries
Emperor Meiji 1867-1912
Shintoism emphasized the unique nature of the Japanese people, fueled growing imperialism
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