Terms
Ming Dynasty - the first dynasty to return China to the Chinese
Ch'eng Tsu - powerful Chinese emperor who carried arms to new parts of the world
Chu Hsi - unorthodox thinker who tried to overthrow the Confucian orthodoxy, experience should be the test of truth
Dalai Lama - spiritual leader of Tibet who resisted Chinese incursion
Academy of Letters - Ming intellectual establishment who codified learning, led reaction against all things foreign
Manchu - dynasty which replaced the Ming and carried on into 20th century
Kowtow - part of the elaborate court ceremony under the Ming
Ming Dynasty - 1368-1644, looked back on Tan dynasty as ideal
Hung-wu - first emperor was a renegade monk
1403 - Zhu Di began his reign by killing his nephew, for whom he was regent, in a fire
1405-1433 Chinese armadas sailed all the way to Hormuz
1371-1433 Cheng Ho, court eunuch who led expedition
19 different states agreed to pay annual tribute to China (Mecca included)
5 expeditions into Gobi Desert to pursue the Mongols
Treaties with border tribes encouraging them to fight Mongols
Kowtow - involved kneeling 3 times, touching head to ground 9 times, presenting gifts to emperor
1449 - Expedition against Mongols - Emperor was captured and later released
1470-1550 - Renewed conflict with Mongols, overran Great Wall in 1550
1571 - signed peace treaty with Chinese
Chinese and Japanese pirates - locals burned everything prior to raids to make them less profitable
3rd commercial revolution - opened land that had been abandoned during Mongol rule
Rice crop twice a year
Population grew rapidly
Progress in porcelain, silk weaving
Money supply increased with silver from Spanish, increased price of land
Adopted the putting out system - people worked in homes to turn raw materials into finished goods
Private banks began to appear
Late Imperial China - emporer and empire were direct extensions of the family
Confucius, Buddha, and Laozi
Matteo Ricci - 1552-1610 Jesuit priest dispatched to China, brought Christianity back to China, rejected Buddhism but accepted Confucianism
jinshi - doctoral degree, issued honor roll
1715, 1742 Papacy issue bulls that forbade Chinese-Christian participation in ancestor worship
Ming and late Manchu policy segregated foreigners
Manchus entered to help restore order, then seized power, remained in power until 1912
Kangxi - first Qing emperor
P'u-i - last emperor in 1909
Dalai Lama - lama of all withing the seas
1700s - continued invasion and rebellion in Tibet
Great Wall - repaired by the Ming 1403-1435
Wednesday, October 31, 2007
Lecture 12 - Africa
Terms
Kingdom of Kush - African kingdom post empire period of ancient Egypt
Axum - one of the earliest Christian kingdoms
Camel - dromedary, helped open up Mediterranean to African trade
Kingdom of Ghana - early medieval kingdom in west Africa
Empire of Mali - succeeded Ghana and dominated west Africa in the gold trade
King Ezana - king of Axum who converted to Christianity
Mansa Musa - Muslim African emperor
Great Zimbabwe - SE African kingdom, involved in gold trade and agriculture
Sahara desert dominates the north - barrier to trade
2nd largest continent, nearly 3 times as large as U.S.
Kingdom of Kush - African kingdom post empire period of ancient Egypt
Axum - one of the earliest Christian kingdoms
Camel - dromedary, helped open up Mediterranean to African trade
Kingdom of Ghana - early medieval kingdom in west Africa
Empire of Mali - succeeded Ghana and dominated west Africa in the gold trade
King Ezana - king of Axum who converted to Christianity
Mansa Musa - Muslim African emperor
Great Zimbabwe - SE African kingdom, involved in gold trade and agriculture
Sahara desert dominates the north - barrier to trade
2nd largest continent, nearly 3 times as large as U.S.
Lecture 11 - Medieval Growth and the Renaissance
Terms
Cluny - a new monastery created in the 10th century which revitalized the Church, founded by William the Pious in 909 in Burgundy (built a church from 1080-1225)
Cistercian - another new order of monks which helped revitalize the Church and also created new wealth in Europe, founded 1098, white habits, strict interpretation of Benedict, located in wilderness
Gothic Arch - a new way of building which created huge and dramatic structures, will bear more weight
Dominicans - a new order of monks who lived outside the monastery, St. Dominic 1170-1221, use preaching and reason, lived according to rule of Benedict but in the world, became a teaching order
Friars - Dominican monks
Franciscans - a new order of monks which influenced young people across Europe, St. Francis, recovered from illness and gave up all worldly wealth, 1223 founded new order, lived among people, accepted life of poverty, founded universities
Crusade - an attempt to channel Europeans violence to a Christian ideal
Flanders - the area of modern Holland and Belgium which developed an urban culture
Venice - the greatest city of medieval Europe
Doge - the leader of Venice
Florence - a great Italian city state and rival of Venice
Countess Matilda - founder and inspiration for Florence
Guild - structure of business, commerce and manufacturing governing body, ensured materials and prices were approved and work was up to standard
Bruges and Ghent - 2 major cities in Flanders
Hanseatic League - North German league of cities devoted to commerce (1344)
The Hundred Years War - war between England and France (1340-1453) Edward III traded insults with king of France, mercenaries fought for England, the longbow was used by English, 1346 & 1356 & 1415 (Agincourt) English destroyed French heavy cavalry
Parliament - representative body in England which grew during the period, enhanced because kings needed to pay for mercenaries
Estates-General - representative body in France (1302) provided revenues to the crown, insisted on collecting taxes itself
John Hus - religious reformer in Central Europe (Bohemia), burned as a heretic
Joan of Arc - savior of France, led army toward relief of Orleans, captured and ransomed to the English - burned as a heretic (1430)
John Wycliffe - religious reformer in England d. 1384, his bones were burned for heresy
Bubonic Plague - European disease in the 14th century
Renaissance - rebirth of classical culture in Europe
Pope Gregory VII (ruled 1073-1085) spent time a Cluny before he became pope, introduced sweeping reforms in the Church
Papal bulls - letters send from the pope to all churhmen
Chancel - location of high altar
Transept - important local families
Nave - body where strangers and lay brotherhood (illiterate) gathered to worship
St. Bernard of Clairvaux d. 1153 - Cistercian monk who found monastery at Clarivaux
Mont St. Michel - monastery in Normandy 12th and 13th c.
Flying buttress - allowed buildings to be even taller
Astrolabe and abacus obtained from Muslims
Astronomy, physics, geography
Henry IV - Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Gregory the VII in 1076. 1077 Henry IV absolved by Pope.
Innocent III - most powerful of all medieval popes 1198-1216
Council of Clairmont 1095 - Pope Urban II proclaimed the 1st Crusade
Godfrey of Bouillon - leader of 1st crusade
Krak des Chevaliers - crusader castle in Palestine
Northern Italy, Flanders, Northern Germany - spawned an urban culture
Arrival of Mongols amongst Muslims distracted them and allowed Italian merchants to gain an upper hand, able to intrude into the Eastern Mediterranean
San Marco - Venetian cathedral created in 1043, marks time of greatness
1210 - Venetian fortress established on Crete
1244 - Venice traded up into Black Sea
Venice issued gold coin (ducat)
1252 - Florence issued gold coin (florin)
Bruges - founded in 9th century - imported raw wool and wove it into cloth, harvested herring
Ghent - founded in 10th century as a fortress, weavers and dyers
Growing commercial system challenged feudalism and its agricultural base
13th c. onward - monarchs forged alliances with towns
1346 - English using the cannon
1302 - Papal bull urging a single faith
1303 - French troops killed the pope
Clement the 5th moved the papacy to Avignon
In 1409, council deposed both popes (schism)
1417 - Martin V elected pope to heal rift
Cluny - a new monastery created in the 10th century which revitalized the Church, founded by William the Pious in 909 in Burgundy (built a church from 1080-1225)
Cistercian - another new order of monks which helped revitalize the Church and also created new wealth in Europe, founded 1098, white habits, strict interpretation of Benedict, located in wilderness
Gothic Arch - a new way of building which created huge and dramatic structures, will bear more weight
Dominicans - a new order of monks who lived outside the monastery, St. Dominic 1170-1221, use preaching and reason, lived according to rule of Benedict but in the world, became a teaching order
Friars - Dominican monks
Franciscans - a new order of monks which influenced young people across Europe, St. Francis, recovered from illness and gave up all worldly wealth, 1223 founded new order, lived among people, accepted life of poverty, founded universities
Crusade - an attempt to channel Europeans violence to a Christian ideal
Flanders - the area of modern Holland and Belgium which developed an urban culture
Venice - the greatest city of medieval Europe
Doge - the leader of Venice
Florence - a great Italian city state and rival of Venice
Countess Matilda - founder and inspiration for Florence
Guild - structure of business, commerce and manufacturing governing body, ensured materials and prices were approved and work was up to standard
Bruges and Ghent - 2 major cities in Flanders
Hanseatic League - North German league of cities devoted to commerce (1344)
The Hundred Years War - war between England and France (1340-1453) Edward III traded insults with king of France, mercenaries fought for England, the longbow was used by English, 1346 & 1356 & 1415 (Agincourt) English destroyed French heavy cavalry
Parliament - representative body in England which grew during the period, enhanced because kings needed to pay for mercenaries
Estates-General - representative body in France (1302) provided revenues to the crown, insisted on collecting taxes itself
John Hus - religious reformer in Central Europe (Bohemia), burned as a heretic
Joan of Arc - savior of France, led army toward relief of Orleans, captured and ransomed to the English - burned as a heretic (1430)
John Wycliffe - religious reformer in England d. 1384, his bones were burned for heresy
Bubonic Plague - European disease in the 14th century
Renaissance - rebirth of classical culture in Europe
Pope Gregory VII (ruled 1073-1085) spent time a Cluny before he became pope, introduced sweeping reforms in the Church
Papal bulls - letters send from the pope to all churhmen
Chancel - location of high altar
Transept - important local families
Nave - body where strangers and lay brotherhood (illiterate) gathered to worship
St. Bernard of Clairvaux d. 1153 - Cistercian monk who found monastery at Clarivaux
Mont St. Michel - monastery in Normandy 12th and 13th c.
Flying buttress - allowed buildings to be even taller
Astrolabe and abacus obtained from Muslims
Astronomy, physics, geography
Henry IV - Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Gregory the VII in 1076. 1077 Henry IV absolved by Pope.
Innocent III - most powerful of all medieval popes 1198-1216
Council of Clairmont 1095 - Pope Urban II proclaimed the 1st Crusade
Godfrey of Bouillon - leader of 1st crusade
Krak des Chevaliers - crusader castle in Palestine
Northern Italy, Flanders, Northern Germany - spawned an urban culture
Arrival of Mongols amongst Muslims distracted them and allowed Italian merchants to gain an upper hand, able to intrude into the Eastern Mediterranean
San Marco - Venetian cathedral created in 1043, marks time of greatness
1210 - Venetian fortress established on Crete
1244 - Venice traded up into Black Sea
Venice issued gold coin (ducat)
1252 - Florence issued gold coin (florin)
Bruges - founded in 9th century - imported raw wool and wove it into cloth, harvested herring
Ghent - founded in 10th century as a fortress, weavers and dyers
Growing commercial system challenged feudalism and its agricultural base
13th c. onward - monarchs forged alliances with towns
1346 - English using the cannon
1302 - Papal bull urging a single faith
1303 - French troops killed the pope
Clement the 5th moved the papacy to Avignon
In 1409, council deposed both popes (schism)
1417 - Martin V elected pope to heal rift
Lecture 10 - The Rise of Islam
Key Terms:
Muhammad - the prophet and founder, born outside of Mecca
Islam - religion founded by Muhammad, means "submission to God"
Ummah - people of the religion, "people of the scriptures"
Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are encouraged to make at least once
Ka'ba - sacred site
Shahada - fundamental creedal statement, no god but God and Muhammad is his messenger
Zakat - tax imposed on faithful "purification" to help the poor
Fasting during Ramadan - lunar month, no food or drink during daylight hours
The Jihad - pillar of Islam (struggle or exertion in God's service)
Ulema - judges
Diwan - order of precedence of the converted
Shi'a - Believe Ali was the true successor of Muhammad
Sunni - Followers of the tradition, strict Koran principles, egalitarian and moralistic
Caliph - theological and secular ruler of the faith, ruled until 1920s
Turks - converted to Islam and dominated Near East
Sultan - title taken by Turkish leaders
Saladin - leader who resisted crusaders, established hegemony over Syria and Egypt
Ottoman Empire - empire founded by Turks
Suleyman the Magnificent - greatest of the Ottoman sultans, 1520-1556
Lepanto - naval action led by Spanish in Eastern Mediterranean and lost by Ottoman Empire, marked beginning of its decline in late 16th century
Mughal Empire - Indian empire of the Ottomans, founded by descendants of Tamerlane
Aurangzeb - greatest of Mughal emperors 1658 - 1707, extended empire to its greatest limits, tried to stop drug trade, gambling, and prostitution. Fought against Hindu zealot rebels
Qur'an - recitings of angel Gabriel, social and religious maxims, strict monotheism
Muhammad - 570-632 born in Higaz outside Mecca
Slavery and polygamy allowed
Care of poor was fundamental
Salat - formal prayer 5 times a day, in the direction of Mecca
Immam - religious leaders
Dome of the Rock - built in 7th century - Muhammad departed from heaven from here
716-18 - siege of Constantinople
732 - Muslims defeated at Tours
1095 - Pope Urban preached the first crusade
1099 - Crusaders took Jerusalem
Mongols used terror to frighten their Islamic enemies
Caliph surrendered Baghdad to Mongols in 1258
Astrolabe - used to determine latitude
Tamerlane - 1336 - 1405, Turkic ruler
Mehmet II - cut off European reinforcements from Byzantium, overran city which became Istanbul
Ottomans used the talents of all their subjects, balanced one faction against another, accepted Western military technology
Savavids - Empire
Nader Shah - modernized the Persian army, introduced Sunni advisers, drove Ottomans back
Babur - ruled Mughal Empire in India
Akbar - Mughal Empire reached its peak 1556 - 1605, developed an efficient bureaucracy, coinage, taxes and governors. His son had a Jesuit tutor. Married a Hindu princess, revoked pilgrimage tax
Fatehpur - Akbar's city, abandoned due to lack of water.
Jahangir - annexed Bengal (Bangladesh), built Taj Mahal as tomb for his favorite wife
Muhammad - the prophet and founder, born outside of Mecca
Islam - religion founded by Muhammad, means "submission to God"
Ummah - people of the religion, "people of the scriptures"
Hajj - pilgrimage to Mecca that all Muslims are encouraged to make at least once
Ka'ba - sacred site
Shahada - fundamental creedal statement, no god but God and Muhammad is his messenger
Zakat - tax imposed on faithful "purification" to help the poor
Fasting during Ramadan - lunar month, no food or drink during daylight hours
The Jihad - pillar of Islam (struggle or exertion in God's service)
Ulema - judges
Diwan - order of precedence of the converted
Shi'a - Believe Ali was the true successor of Muhammad
Sunni - Followers of the tradition, strict Koran principles, egalitarian and moralistic
Caliph - theological and secular ruler of the faith, ruled until 1920s
Turks - converted to Islam and dominated Near East
Sultan - title taken by Turkish leaders
Saladin - leader who resisted crusaders, established hegemony over Syria and Egypt
Ottoman Empire - empire founded by Turks
Suleyman the Magnificent - greatest of the Ottoman sultans, 1520-1556
Lepanto - naval action led by Spanish in Eastern Mediterranean and lost by Ottoman Empire, marked beginning of its decline in late 16th century
Mughal Empire - Indian empire of the Ottomans, founded by descendants of Tamerlane
Aurangzeb - greatest of Mughal emperors 1658 - 1707, extended empire to its greatest limits, tried to stop drug trade, gambling, and prostitution. Fought against Hindu zealot rebels
Qur'an - recitings of angel Gabriel, social and religious maxims, strict monotheism
Muhammad - 570-632 born in Higaz outside Mecca
Slavery and polygamy allowed
Care of poor was fundamental
Salat - formal prayer 5 times a day, in the direction of Mecca
Immam - religious leaders
Dome of the Rock - built in 7th century - Muhammad departed from heaven from here
716-18 - siege of Constantinople
732 - Muslims defeated at Tours
1095 - Pope Urban preached the first crusade
1099 - Crusaders took Jerusalem
Mongols used terror to frighten their Islamic enemies
Caliph surrendered Baghdad to Mongols in 1258
Astrolabe - used to determine latitude
Tamerlane - 1336 - 1405, Turkic ruler
Mehmet II - cut off European reinforcements from Byzantium, overran city which became Istanbul
Ottomans used the talents of all their subjects, balanced one faction against another, accepted Western military technology
Savavids - Empire
Nader Shah - modernized the Persian army, introduced Sunni advisers, drove Ottomans back
Babur - ruled Mughal Empire in India
Akbar - Mughal Empire reached its peak 1556 - 1605, developed an efficient bureaucracy, coinage, taxes and governors. His son had a Jesuit tutor. Married a Hindu princess, revoked pilgrimage tax
Fatehpur - Akbar's city, abandoned due to lack of water.
Jahangir - annexed Bengal (Bangladesh), built Taj Mahal as tomb for his favorite wife
Lecture 9 - Medieval Technology
Thorp, Washington water-powered mill tour
Terms
Watermill - improved in the Middle Ages
Windmill - invented in the Middle Ages (popular in England and Low Countries)
Manorialism - economic system adopted in Middle Ages
Feudalism - dominant social system during Middle Ages, hierarchy of knights and lords
Latifundia - Ancient estates tranformed into manors
Serfs - peasants tied to the soil, lived on manors
Regular Clergy - in monastery
Secular Clergy - looked after ordinary people in the parishes, peasants appointed to position by nobility
Advowson - the right to present a priest to a living
Subinfeudation - the tendency for more and more individuals to take land (like sub-leasing, but with feudalism)
Vassal - servant
Fireplace - medieval invention
Charlemagne - greatest of early medieval Frankish kings
Alcuin - Anglo Saxon scholar, worked to correct texts, ran school for clergy
Holy Roman Empire - created by Charlemagne
Mouldboard Plow - more efficient plow that became important from 8th century onwards
Magyars - 9th and 10th century invaders into eastern Europe from steppes
Mulsims - Islam challenged Christianity in Europe, attacked Italy and Spain
Vikings - invaders from the north, wrote sagas, settled in Normandy, Dublin, Iceland, and Sicily, gradually Christianized after 1000 CE
Three groups in society - monk, knight and peasant
Iconoclasts - destroyed eastern icons/images
Grindstone - 9th century invention
Motte and bailey - typical construction technique for medieval castles
Treaty of Verdun - split Frankish Empire into what became modern Germany and France
Thomas Aquinas - Spanish monk, worked in Paris, brought back Aristotle
Roger Bacon - English Franciscan monk & mathematician
Spectacles - invented in 13th century Italy
Terms
Watermill - improved in the Middle Ages
Windmill - invented in the Middle Ages (popular in England and Low Countries)
Manorialism - economic system adopted in Middle Ages
Feudalism - dominant social system during Middle Ages, hierarchy of knights and lords
Latifundia - Ancient estates tranformed into manors
Serfs - peasants tied to the soil, lived on manors
Regular Clergy - in monastery
Secular Clergy - looked after ordinary people in the parishes, peasants appointed to position by nobility
Advowson - the right to present a priest to a living
Subinfeudation - the tendency for more and more individuals to take land (like sub-leasing, but with feudalism)
Vassal - servant
Fireplace - medieval invention
Charlemagne - greatest of early medieval Frankish kings
Alcuin - Anglo Saxon scholar, worked to correct texts, ran school for clergy
Holy Roman Empire - created by Charlemagne
Mouldboard Plow - more efficient plow that became important from 8th century onwards
Magyars - 9th and 10th century invaders into eastern Europe from steppes
Mulsims - Islam challenged Christianity in Europe, attacked Italy and Spain
Vikings - invaders from the north, wrote sagas, settled in Normandy, Dublin, Iceland, and Sicily, gradually Christianized after 1000 CE
Three groups in society - monk, knight and peasant
Iconoclasts - destroyed eastern icons/images
Grindstone - 9th century invention
Motte and bailey - typical construction technique for medieval castles
Treaty of Verdun - split Frankish Empire into what became modern Germany and France
Thomas Aquinas - Spanish monk, worked in Paris, brought back Aristotle
Roger Bacon - English Franciscan monk & mathematician
Spectacles - invented in 13th century Italy
Lecture 8 - The Han and Ch'in Dynasties
Terms
The Ch'in - dynasty which unified China
Han Dynasty - expanded China to its greatest extent
Conspicuous Consumption - practiced in west but not in east
Grand Canal - great public works of Chinese emperors
The Sui - 6th century dynasty which reunified China
Tang Tai Tsung - 1st of Tang emperors leading to greatness
Li Po - Tang poet who loved wine and women
Sung Dynasty - height of Chinese power before Mongol conquest
Chu Hsi - Confucian thinker who reconciled with Buddhist tradition
Genghis Khan - Mongol who conquered China in 13th century
Chagatai - Central Asian Mongol state (remained nomadic)
The Golden Horde - Southern Russian Mongol state (from lower Volga)
Persia - Mongol state
China - Mongol state
Yuan - Dynastic name taken by Mongols (Khubilai Khan)
The Ch'in - dynasty which unified China
Han Dynasty - expanded China to its greatest extent
Conspicuous Consumption - practiced in west but not in east
Grand Canal - great public works of Chinese emperors
The Sui - 6th century dynasty which reunified China
Tang Tai Tsung - 1st of Tang emperors leading to greatness
Li Po - Tang poet who loved wine and women
Sung Dynasty - height of Chinese power before Mongol conquest
Chu Hsi - Confucian thinker who reconciled with Buddhist tradition
Genghis Khan - Mongol who conquered China in 13th century
Chagatai - Central Asian Mongol state (remained nomadic)
The Golden Horde - Southern Russian Mongol state (from lower Volga)
Persia - Mongol state
China - Mongol state
Yuan - Dynastic name taken by Mongols (Khubilai Khan)
Lecture 7 - From Ancient to Medieval - 200-500 C.E.
Terms
Cult of Mithras - eastern mystery religion that arrived in Rome about the same time as Christianity
Essenes - religious group in Palestine
Dead Sea Scrolls - ancient manuscripts
Diaspora - scattering of Jewish people by Romans
Paul of Tarsus - apostle who brought Christianity to gentiles
Peter - disciple chosen by Jesus to head the church
Clovis - king of Franks who converted
Gregory I - 1st great medieval pope
Rule of St. Benedict - govern behaviour of monks
Council of Nicea - called by Constantine to define Christianity
Arius of Alexander - views differed from others who taught Christianity
Vulgate - 1st Latin bible
St. Augustine of Hippo - early philosopher and bishop
Monasticism - havens for practitioners of Christianity
Papacy - center of Christianity in west
Cult of Mithras - eastern mystery religion that arrived in Rome about the same time as Christianity
Essenes - religious group in Palestine
Dead Sea Scrolls - ancient manuscripts
Diaspora - scattering of Jewish people by Romans
Paul of Tarsus - apostle who brought Christianity to gentiles
Peter - disciple chosen by Jesus to head the church
Clovis - king of Franks who converted
Gregory I - 1st great medieval pope
Rule of St. Benedict - govern behaviour of monks
Council of Nicea - called by Constantine to define Christianity
Arius of Alexander - views differed from others who taught Christianity
Vulgate - 1st Latin bible
St. Augustine of Hippo - early philosopher and bishop
Monasticism - havens for practitioners of Christianity
Papacy - center of Christianity in west
Tuesday, October 30, 2007
Lecture 6 - Octavian Settlement and the Empire
Terms
Caesar Augustus - title taken by Octavian to indicate a new rank in Roman society
Pontifex Maximus - chief priest of Rome
Imperator - another title taken by Octavian
Donatives - money gifts given by emperors to army and Roman people to secure loyalty
Pliny - Roman scientist and writer
Galen - Hellenized Roman who wrote standard medical texts
Parthian Empire - resuscitated empire in the east which challenged Roman power
Publius Septimius Severus - emperor who understood that power came exclusively from the army
Constantine - emperor who reunited the empire and officially recognized Christianity
Constantinople (Byzantium) - new capital city which Constantine created in the east
Adrianople - place of battle where Romans lost to barbarians
Latifundia - great estates of the rich Romans
Caesar Augustus - title taken by Octavian to indicate a new rank in Roman society
Pontifex Maximus - chief priest of Rome
Imperator - another title taken by Octavian
Donatives - money gifts given by emperors to army and Roman people to secure loyalty
Pliny - Roman scientist and writer
Galen - Hellenized Roman who wrote standard medical texts
Parthian Empire - resuscitated empire in the east which challenged Roman power
Publius Septimius Severus - emperor who understood that power came exclusively from the army
Constantine - emperor who reunited the empire and officially recognized Christianity
Constantinople (Byzantium) - new capital city which Constantine created in the east
Adrianople - place of battle where Romans lost to barbarians
Latifundia - great estates of the rich Romans
Lecture 5 - Growth of the Roman Empire
Terms
Imperium - the power exercised by elected officials of Rome
Senate - the advisory body to which aristocrats were appointed
Patricians - the Roman name for aristocrats
Plebians - the ordinary people of Rome
Dictator - an individual who was nominated to have absolute power to deal with crises
Legions - an organization of the Roman army
Manipules - the legion, broken down into groups of 60 and 120
Punic War - the long struggle between Rome and Carthage
Hannibal - the general who led the Carthaginian army
Proletariat - the group of Romans who had no land
Gaius Marius - consul of Rome who led the soldiers to victory
Pompey - Roman general who vied for power in Rome
Gaius Julius Caesar - invaded Gaul and seized Rome
Octavian - Nephew of Gaius Julius who established Roman empire
Imperium - the power exercised by elected officials of Rome
Senate - the advisory body to which aristocrats were appointed
Patricians - the Roman name for aristocrats
Plebians - the ordinary people of Rome
Dictator - an individual who was nominated to have absolute power to deal with crises
Legions - an organization of the Roman army
Manipules - the legion, broken down into groups of 60 and 120
Punic War - the long struggle between Rome and Carthage
Hannibal - the general who led the Carthaginian army
Proletariat - the group of Romans who had no land
Gaius Marius - consul of Rome who led the soldiers to victory
Pompey - Roman general who vied for power in Rome
Gaius Julius Caesar - invaded Gaul and seized Rome
Octavian - Nephew of Gaius Julius who established Roman empire
Lecture 4 - Origin of Great Religions
Terms
Judaism - one of the most influential religions which originated in the ancient world
Isaiah - Jewish prophet who revolutionized the outlook of the religion
Hinduism - dominant religion on the Indian subcontinent
Upanishads - sacred texts which further defined Hinduism
Samsara - cycle of rebirth
Jains - sect of Hinduism
Karma - good deeds which helped one attain a better position in the cycle of reincarnation
Gautama - the Buddha, born in India
K'ung Fu'tzu - Confucius, originated dominant philosophy for China
Taoism - Rival Chinese philosophy
Lao-tzu - wrote Tao Te Ching
Legalism - 3rd school of Chinese philosophy
Greek rationalism - philosophical outlook developed in Greece
Great religions have originated in an area bounded by the Mediterranean in the west and the Ganges in the east.
Philosophies in the extreme edges, major religions in the middle.
Many of these philosophies originated around 500 BCE. Commerce was on the rise.
Buddhism migrated to China, then Korea and Japan. Started as a philosophy and changed to a religion.
4 Noble Truths of Buddhism:
Democrates - argued that everything was made of invisible particles called atoms
Socrates - interested in ethical and moral issues
Plato - Socrates' pupil
Aristotle - born in 384 BCE, elements were air, fire, water, earth.
Euclid - published elements of geometry
Hippocrates - believed in natural causes for diseases
Process of conversion - 1) through voluntary association 2) political, economic or social pressure 3) assimilation
By 500 BCE, people were trapped inside civilization - religion provided comfort and explanation to those who could no longer escape it
Judaism - one of the most influential religions which originated in the ancient world
Isaiah - Jewish prophet who revolutionized the outlook of the religion
Hinduism - dominant religion on the Indian subcontinent
Upanishads - sacred texts which further defined Hinduism
Samsara - cycle of rebirth
Jains - sect of Hinduism
Karma - good deeds which helped one attain a better position in the cycle of reincarnation
Gautama - the Buddha, born in India
K'ung Fu'tzu - Confucius, originated dominant philosophy for China
Taoism - Rival Chinese philosophy
Lao-tzu - wrote Tao Te Ching
Legalism - 3rd school of Chinese philosophy
Greek rationalism - philosophical outlook developed in Greece
Great religions have originated in an area bounded by the Mediterranean in the west and the Ganges in the east.
Philosophies in the extreme edges, major religions in the middle.
Many of these philosophies originated around 500 BCE. Commerce was on the rise.
Buddhism migrated to China, then Korea and Japan. Started as a philosophy and changed to a religion.
4 Noble Truths of Buddhism:
- All life is suffering.
- Suffering comes from desiring
- Cessation of desire ends suffering
- The path to this involves 8 elements: right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, concentration
Democrates - argued that everything was made of invisible particles called atoms
Socrates - interested in ethical and moral issues
Plato - Socrates' pupil
Aristotle - born in 384 BCE, elements were air, fire, water, earth.
Euclid - published elements of geometry
Hippocrates - believed in natural causes for diseases
Process of conversion - 1) through voluntary association 2) political, economic or social pressure 3) assimilation
By 500 BCE, people were trapped inside civilization - religion provided comfort and explanation to those who could no longer escape it
Lecture 3 - Preindustrial culture
Terms
Nucleated Family - parents and children as a discreet social and economic unit
Bronze Age - the first major metal used by civilization until iron was introduced around 1600 BCE
Ctesibus - ancient inventor who produced a clock
Hero - inventor who produced a steam engine
Water Clock - invented by Ctesibus
Alter Steam Engine - use of an engine to do work
Nucleated Family - parents and children as a discreet social and economic unit
Bronze Age - the first major metal used by civilization until iron was introduced around 1600 BCE
Ctesibus - ancient inventor who produced a clock
Hero - inventor who produced a steam engine
Water Clock - invented by Ctesibus
Alter Steam Engine - use of an engine to do work
Lecture 2 - Greek Culture
Terms
Mycenaean - period in Greek history which covers the Bronze Age
Phalanx - military formation used by the Greeks
Hoplite - a Greek warrior
Sparta - a superpower amongst Greek cities
Athens - a Greek superpower and commercial entrepot
Polis - Greek for 'city'
Delian League - commercial league and then empire formed by Athens
Pericles - ruler of Athens in the Golden Age
Peloponnesian Wars - destructive wars between Sparta and Athens
Philip of Macedonia - king who sought to extend his rule to all of Greece
Alexander the Great - son of Philip who attempted to conquer the Persian Empire
Hellenistic World - extended Greek world resulting from Alexander's conquest
Museum - largest library in the ancient world, located in Alexandria
Mycenaean - period in Greek history which covers the Bronze Age
Phalanx - military formation used by the Greeks
Hoplite - a Greek warrior
Sparta - a superpower amongst Greek cities
Athens - a Greek superpower and commercial entrepot
Polis - Greek for 'city'
Delian League - commercial league and then empire formed by Athens
Pericles - ruler of Athens in the Golden Age
Peloponnesian Wars - destructive wars between Sparta and Athens
Philip of Macedonia - king who sought to extend his rule to all of Greece
Alexander the Great - son of Philip who attempted to conquer the Persian Empire
Hellenistic World - extended Greek world resulting from Alexander's conquest
Museum - largest library in the ancient world, located in Alexandria
Lecture 1 - Early Civilization
Terms
Neolithic - transition period to civilization "new stone age"
Tigris / Euphrates - river valley near east where civilization first appeared
Sumer - first civilization in the world
Epic of Gilgamesh - poem which informs us of Sumerian life and values
Hammurabi's code - first written laws
Diffusion - transmission of technology and culture from one people to another
Egypt - Nile-base civilization
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro - NW Indian civilization in the Punjab
Shang - Earliest historical period in China
Zhou - Overthrew and followed the Shang period
Olmec - Early civilization of new world
Maya - Eastern Mexico civilization
Cuneiform - first form of writing, started in Sumer
Civilization - high density strategy by humankind to allow more people to live in a area, wrest control from natural world and allow domination of humanity
Hunter-gatherers cannot store food, they cannot concentrate in large numbers
Neolithic - transition period to civilization "new stone age"
Tigris / Euphrates - river valley near east where civilization first appeared
Sumer - first civilization in the world
Epic of Gilgamesh - poem which informs us of Sumerian life and values
Hammurabi's code - first written laws
Diffusion - transmission of technology and culture from one people to another
Egypt - Nile-base civilization
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro - NW Indian civilization in the Punjab
Shang - Earliest historical period in China
Zhou - Overthrew and followed the Shang period
Olmec - Early civilization of new world
Maya - Eastern Mexico civilization
Cuneiform - first form of writing, started in Sumer
Civilization - high density strategy by humankind to allow more people to live in a area, wrest control from natural world and allow domination of humanity
Hunter-gatherers cannot store food, they cannot concentrate in large numbers
Saturday, October 13, 2007
Water and Civilization: Current Events
If you are from Oregon or Washington, you need to watch "Source to Sea: The Columbia River Swim." Interestingly, this movie parallels some of the points we touched on in last week's discussion on water and civilization.
It's a documentary about Chris Swain, who swam from Canal Flats, BC all the way to the mouth of the Columbia. If you live in one of the communities near the river (Kettle Falls, Wenatchee, Pendleton, The Dalles, Portland), you may see someone you know, and you will certainly see familiar scenery.
I learned a bunch of history I didn't know about the river, in addition to big concerns about water quality. For example, did you know that Richland gets its drinking water from the river? Hanford has one of the most pristine stretches of the river, but it is also the most contaminated.
If you live in the Seattle area, the King County Library has it, and it is also showing at film festivals in places such as Ellensberg. See if your locally library has it, and please share what you learn.
The Columbia is important to all of us in the Northwest.
It's a documentary about Chris Swain, who swam from Canal Flats, BC all the way to the mouth of the Columbia. If you live in one of the communities near the river (Kettle Falls, Wenatchee, Pendleton, The Dalles, Portland), you may see someone you know, and you will certainly see familiar scenery.
I learned a bunch of history I didn't know about the river, in addition to big concerns about water quality. For example, did you know that Richland gets its drinking water from the river? Hanford has one of the most pristine stretches of the river, but it is also the most contaminated.
If you live in the Seattle area, the King County Library has it, and it is also showing at film festivals in places such as Ellensberg. See if your locally library has it, and please share what you learn.
The Columbia is important to all of us in the Northwest.
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