Monday, November 19, 2007

Lecture 18 - The 19th century

Terms

Czar - Crown head of Russia
Nationalism - most important ideological force in the 19th century, networks of spies, censorship
Count Camillo Benso Cavour - creator of modern Italy, industrialist, advocated union of Northern Italy, allied with French against Austrians
Otto von Bismark - architect of modern Germany, chief minister of Prussia and Junker
Romanticism - reaction to rationalism and the industrialized world, centered in German universities, spread to France, England and U.S.
Communism - ideology created in 19th century
Louis Pasteur - French scientist d. 1895 helped silkworm growers and winemakers, immunization for rabies, milk pasteurization prevented spread of TB
Charles Darwin - architect of evolution, Origin of Species
Social Darwinism - suggested that society could be modeled after evolutionism
Sigmund Freud - founder of psychoanalysis, interpretation of dreams 1900
Albert Einstein - creator of relativity 1905 (1879-1955)
Sarajevo - place where WWI began 1914 - Archduke Ferdinand assassinated by Serbian terrorist

Conference of Vienna - 1815 sought to re-establish polities of Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France in 1814 and the dissolution of the Holy Roman empire in 1806
Alexander I of Russia - abolished torture, allowed foreign books, liberation of one's own serfs
Metternich d. 1859 - worked to ensure confederation of German states did not allow Prussia to increase in power
Louis XVIII of France - granted limited constitution in 1814, moderate reformer

Guisippe Garibaldi - 1807-1887, leader of Red Shirts
1861 - Kingdom of Italy proclaimed
1862 - Creation of German empire
1863 - Bismarck supported Russians against Polish revolt
1866 - Prussian and Austria went to war. Prussia coordinated troop movements using telegraph and railroad
1870 - French declaration of war against Prussia
1871 - Napoleon III outmaneuvered by Bismarck
Wilhelm proclaimed emperor of Germany in Versailles

1840s - screw propellor
1850s - compound steam engine
1860s - steel hull
1880 - first refrigerated ship from Argentina to Europe

Britain was workshop of world, but challenged by German and U.S.

Frankenstein - attempt to create perfect human, which turned out to be abomination
1850s - more English lived in cities than countryside
Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and London grew substantially
Millions of people went the Americas, Australia, NZ, South Africa

Socialism - Marx and Engels formulated Communism
Victorian era - prudish age, benefits of technological order, railways extended, merchant marine grew greatly
Queen Victoria 1837-1901
Russian opened coal and iron fields in the south, borrowed from French to finance industrialization
U.S. growth after 1870 founded by Britain and Germany

Dr. Robert Cock - studied anthrax, later isolated cholera and tuberculosis, infectious diseases
Joseph Lister - clean hands and operating environment, preventive medicine

Nurses -
1839 - Swan developed cellular theory
Mendel - gene theory
Herbert Spenser - 1820-1903 social Darwinist
Thermodynamics, helium discovered, electricity, x-rays, Marconi's wireless telegraphy
Golden age of written word, new means of making paper brought price down
Tolstoy 1828-1910
Dostoyevesky
Dickens 1812-1870 wrote about ordinary people
Zola (France)
Science fiction was born - Jules Verne
Prussia established training schools for teachers, also had Universities
France had advanced schools as well, had Polytechnique

Mass culture developed - cafes, dancing, beer gardens, bathing at seashore, sporting events

1869 - Suez Canal opens - financed by French, English later took over
Khedive Ismail of Egypt deposed 1879
Decline of Ottoman Empire caused Russia and Germany to become rivals
France loaned money, entered into defensive alliance with Russia 1894, eventually included Britain

Bismarck resigned (pushed out) in 1894?

Francis Joseph of Austria - 1848-1916 wanted to punished Serbia, asked Germany for help
July 23, 1914 -
July 28 - Austria declared war on Serbia
Germany attempted to secure British neutrality
Lord Grey 1851-1917 - proposed European congress to deal with matter
Helmuth von Moltke 1848-1916 - privately encouraged Austria to wage war on Serbia
Wilhelm II 1859-1941 -

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