Terms
Ptolemy - Ancient philosopher and geographer, Earth centered universe
Great Chain of Being - man, God, and Earth linked
Nicholas Copernicus - 16th Polish thinker - theorized sun at center of solar system
Johannes Kepler - mathematician, noted that planets in elliptical orbits, assistant to Brahe
Tycho Brahe - astronomer, well-known for his recorded observational data
Sir Francis Bacon - English lawyer and aristocrat - enunciated scientific method
Inductive Reasoning - the scientific method
Rene Descartes - French mathematician 17th century
Leibnitz - Originated calculus
Isaac Newton - Law of gravity
Deism - God was the first cause, then universe went on
Dialogue on the Two Chief world Systems - Work by Galileo, compared rival cosmological theories
The Enlightenment - Created climate of reason
John Locke - Philosopher, rejected political dogma, sought rational explanation for government, humans born with tabula rasa, denied divine right of kings
Toleration Patent - Issued by Emperor of Austria - Allowed toleration of minority religions
Galileo Galilei - Italian mathematician/astronomer, challenged authority of church, did not invent telescope, sketched mountains of the moon and sunspots
Monday, November 19, 2007
Lecture 15 - Early Modern Society
Terms
Tulip Mania - Early 17th century
Putting out System - economic system
Abraham Darby - Englishman who perfected iron smelting with coal
Thirty Years War - early 17th century (Protestants against Catholics)
Water Meadows - improvement allowing greater crop yield
Pogroms - violence against certain minorities (Jews and gypsies)
Protoindustrialization - change in society that directed people toward industrialization
Philip II of Spain - tried to restore old order, maintain Christendom
Poor, Protestant North; Rich, Catholic South
Elizabeth I - ruled England for latter half of 16th century
Big changes in agriculture, mining, and production
Population in Europe doubled from 1500 - 1600
People flocked to the cities, grew from 10% to 25% of total population
New crops in Europe (imported or grown) - sugar, rice, white potato, tobacco, coffee
Leisure was commercialized, books declined in price
Gutenberg's movable type
Peasants ate 3-5 lbs of bread per day
Price of food fell due to more efficient agriculture
Tin, lead, and copper were used extensively
Coal was extenstively mined - shortage of wood in some areas - gunpowder used to move rocks, tracked carts in mines developed
Significant inflation (300-400%)
11 million black Africans brought to America, easily identified, displaced native population
Unfamiliar with land, language and culture
Turned into field hands, recreated ancient agriculture not dependent on machines
Tulip Mania - Early 17th century
Putting out System - economic system
Abraham Darby - Englishman who perfected iron smelting with coal
Thirty Years War - early 17th century (Protestants against Catholics)
Water Meadows - improvement allowing greater crop yield
Pogroms - violence against certain minorities (Jews and gypsies)
Protoindustrialization - change in society that directed people toward industrialization
Philip II of Spain - tried to restore old order, maintain Christendom
Poor, Protestant North; Rich, Catholic South
Elizabeth I - ruled England for latter half of 16th century
Big changes in agriculture, mining, and production
Population in Europe doubled from 1500 - 1600
People flocked to the cities, grew from 10% to 25% of total population
New crops in Europe (imported or grown) - sugar, rice, white potato, tobacco, coffee
Leisure was commercialized, books declined in price
Gutenberg's movable type
Peasants ate 3-5 lbs of bread per day
Price of food fell due to more efficient agriculture
Tin, lead, and copper were used extensively
Coal was extenstively mined - shortage of wood in some areas - gunpowder used to move rocks, tracked carts in mines developed
Significant inflation (300-400%)
11 million black Africans brought to America, easily identified, displaced native population
Unfamiliar with land, language and culture
Turned into field hands, recreated ancient agriculture not dependent on machines
Tuesday, November 13, 2007
Lecture 14 - European expansion
Terms
- The Bubonic Plague - arrived 1341 in Italy, in Spain, Paris, and England by 1348. Killed up to 35% of population. Killed people in 24 hours.
- Christopher Columbus
- Renaissance
- Portolan Chart - careful maps of coastlines
- Henry the Navigator - King of Portugal
- Empire of Mali
- Mansa Musa - greatest king of Empire of Mali
- Great Zimbabwe - East African kingdom
- Ferdinand Magellan - Spanish explorer
- Potosi - Peruvian silver
- Cog - type of sailing vessel
- Carrack - sailing vessel (Santa Maria example)
- These were different than any previous empires, because they were seaborne. Driven by religion, greed for gold, and glory.
Roman art showing at Seattle museum
There is a cool exhibit coming to the Seattle Art Museum. It's Roman art from the Louvre, and it should be a neat way to get a hands-on feel for what we've been learning in class.
Wednesday, October 31, 2007
Lecture 13 - China: The Mings and Beyond
Terms
Ming Dynasty - the first dynasty to return China to the Chinese
Ch'eng Tsu - powerful Chinese emperor who carried arms to new parts of the world
Chu Hsi - unorthodox thinker who tried to overthrow the Confucian orthodoxy, experience should be the test of truth
Dalai Lama - spiritual leader of Tibet who resisted Chinese incursion
Academy of Letters - Ming intellectual establishment who codified learning, led reaction against all things foreign
Manchu - dynasty which replaced the Ming and carried on into 20th century
Kowtow - part of the elaborate court ceremony under the Ming
Ming Dynasty - 1368-1644, looked back on Tan dynasty as ideal
Hung-wu - first emperor was a renegade monk
1403 - Zhu Di began his reign by killing his nephew, for whom he was regent, in a fire
1405-1433 Chinese armadas sailed all the way to Hormuz
1371-1433 Cheng Ho, court eunuch who led expedition
19 different states agreed to pay annual tribute to China (Mecca included)
5 expeditions into Gobi Desert to pursue the Mongols
Treaties with border tribes encouraging them to fight Mongols
Kowtow - involved kneeling 3 times, touching head to ground 9 times, presenting gifts to emperor
1449 - Expedition against Mongols - Emperor was captured and later released
1470-1550 - Renewed conflict with Mongols, overran Great Wall in 1550
1571 - signed peace treaty with Chinese
Chinese and Japanese pirates - locals burned everything prior to raids to make them less profitable
3rd commercial revolution - opened land that had been abandoned during Mongol rule
Rice crop twice a year
Population grew rapidly
Progress in porcelain, silk weaving
Money supply increased with silver from Spanish, increased price of land
Adopted the putting out system - people worked in homes to turn raw materials into finished goods
Private banks began to appear
Late Imperial China - emporer and empire were direct extensions of the family
Confucius, Buddha, and Laozi
Matteo Ricci - 1552-1610 Jesuit priest dispatched to China, brought Christianity back to China, rejected Buddhism but accepted Confucianism
jinshi - doctoral degree, issued honor roll
1715, 1742 Papacy issue bulls that forbade Chinese-Christian participation in ancestor worship
Ming and late Manchu policy segregated foreigners
Manchus entered to help restore order, then seized power, remained in power until 1912
Kangxi - first Qing emperor
P'u-i - last emperor in 1909
Dalai Lama - lama of all withing the seas
1700s - continued invasion and rebellion in Tibet
Great Wall - repaired by the Ming 1403-1435
Ming Dynasty - the first dynasty to return China to the Chinese
Ch'eng Tsu - powerful Chinese emperor who carried arms to new parts of the world
Chu Hsi - unorthodox thinker who tried to overthrow the Confucian orthodoxy, experience should be the test of truth
Dalai Lama - spiritual leader of Tibet who resisted Chinese incursion
Academy of Letters - Ming intellectual establishment who codified learning, led reaction against all things foreign
Manchu - dynasty which replaced the Ming and carried on into 20th century
Kowtow - part of the elaborate court ceremony under the Ming
Ming Dynasty - 1368-1644, looked back on Tan dynasty as ideal
Hung-wu - first emperor was a renegade monk
1403 - Zhu Di began his reign by killing his nephew, for whom he was regent, in a fire
1405-1433 Chinese armadas sailed all the way to Hormuz
1371-1433 Cheng Ho, court eunuch who led expedition
19 different states agreed to pay annual tribute to China (Mecca included)
5 expeditions into Gobi Desert to pursue the Mongols
Treaties with border tribes encouraging them to fight Mongols
Kowtow - involved kneeling 3 times, touching head to ground 9 times, presenting gifts to emperor
1449 - Expedition against Mongols - Emperor was captured and later released
1470-1550 - Renewed conflict with Mongols, overran Great Wall in 1550
1571 - signed peace treaty with Chinese
Chinese and Japanese pirates - locals burned everything prior to raids to make them less profitable
3rd commercial revolution - opened land that had been abandoned during Mongol rule
Rice crop twice a year
Population grew rapidly
Progress in porcelain, silk weaving
Money supply increased with silver from Spanish, increased price of land
Adopted the putting out system - people worked in homes to turn raw materials into finished goods
Private banks began to appear
Late Imperial China - emporer and empire were direct extensions of the family
Confucius, Buddha, and Laozi
Matteo Ricci - 1552-1610 Jesuit priest dispatched to China, brought Christianity back to China, rejected Buddhism but accepted Confucianism
jinshi - doctoral degree, issued honor roll
1715, 1742 Papacy issue bulls that forbade Chinese-Christian participation in ancestor worship
Ming and late Manchu policy segregated foreigners
Manchus entered to help restore order, then seized power, remained in power until 1912
Kangxi - first Qing emperor
P'u-i - last emperor in 1909
Dalai Lama - lama of all withing the seas
1700s - continued invasion and rebellion in Tibet
Great Wall - repaired by the Ming 1403-1435
Lecture 12 - Africa
Terms
Kingdom of Kush - African kingdom post empire period of ancient Egypt
Axum - one of the earliest Christian kingdoms
Camel - dromedary, helped open up Mediterranean to African trade
Kingdom of Ghana - early medieval kingdom in west Africa
Empire of Mali - succeeded Ghana and dominated west Africa in the gold trade
King Ezana - king of Axum who converted to Christianity
Mansa Musa - Muslim African emperor
Great Zimbabwe - SE African kingdom, involved in gold trade and agriculture
Sahara desert dominates the north - barrier to trade
2nd largest continent, nearly 3 times as large as U.S.
Kingdom of Kush - African kingdom post empire period of ancient Egypt
Axum - one of the earliest Christian kingdoms
Camel - dromedary, helped open up Mediterranean to African trade
Kingdom of Ghana - early medieval kingdom in west Africa
Empire of Mali - succeeded Ghana and dominated west Africa in the gold trade
King Ezana - king of Axum who converted to Christianity
Mansa Musa - Muslim African emperor
Great Zimbabwe - SE African kingdom, involved in gold trade and agriculture
Sahara desert dominates the north - barrier to trade
2nd largest continent, nearly 3 times as large as U.S.
Lecture 11 - Medieval Growth and the Renaissance
Terms
Cluny - a new monastery created in the 10th century which revitalized the Church, founded by William the Pious in 909 in Burgundy (built a church from 1080-1225)
Cistercian - another new order of monks which helped revitalize the Church and also created new wealth in Europe, founded 1098, white habits, strict interpretation of Benedict, located in wilderness
Gothic Arch - a new way of building which created huge and dramatic structures, will bear more weight
Dominicans - a new order of monks who lived outside the monastery, St. Dominic 1170-1221, use preaching and reason, lived according to rule of Benedict but in the world, became a teaching order
Friars - Dominican monks
Franciscans - a new order of monks which influenced young people across Europe, St. Francis, recovered from illness and gave up all worldly wealth, 1223 founded new order, lived among people, accepted life of poverty, founded universities
Crusade - an attempt to channel Europeans violence to a Christian ideal
Flanders - the area of modern Holland and Belgium which developed an urban culture
Venice - the greatest city of medieval Europe
Doge - the leader of Venice
Florence - a great Italian city state and rival of Venice
Countess Matilda - founder and inspiration for Florence
Guild - structure of business, commerce and manufacturing governing body, ensured materials and prices were approved and work was up to standard
Bruges and Ghent - 2 major cities in Flanders
Hanseatic League - North German league of cities devoted to commerce (1344)
The Hundred Years War - war between England and France (1340-1453) Edward III traded insults with king of France, mercenaries fought for England, the longbow was used by English, 1346 & 1356 & 1415 (Agincourt) English destroyed French heavy cavalry
Parliament - representative body in England which grew during the period, enhanced because kings needed to pay for mercenaries
Estates-General - representative body in France (1302) provided revenues to the crown, insisted on collecting taxes itself
John Hus - religious reformer in Central Europe (Bohemia), burned as a heretic
Joan of Arc - savior of France, led army toward relief of Orleans, captured and ransomed to the English - burned as a heretic (1430)
John Wycliffe - religious reformer in England d. 1384, his bones were burned for heresy
Bubonic Plague - European disease in the 14th century
Renaissance - rebirth of classical culture in Europe
Pope Gregory VII (ruled 1073-1085) spent time a Cluny before he became pope, introduced sweeping reforms in the Church
Papal bulls - letters send from the pope to all churhmen
Chancel - location of high altar
Transept - important local families
Nave - body where strangers and lay brotherhood (illiterate) gathered to worship
St. Bernard of Clairvaux d. 1153 - Cistercian monk who found monastery at Clarivaux
Mont St. Michel - monastery in Normandy 12th and 13th c.
Flying buttress - allowed buildings to be even taller
Astrolabe and abacus obtained from Muslims
Astronomy, physics, geography
Henry IV - Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Gregory the VII in 1076. 1077 Henry IV absolved by Pope.
Innocent III - most powerful of all medieval popes 1198-1216
Council of Clairmont 1095 - Pope Urban II proclaimed the 1st Crusade
Godfrey of Bouillon - leader of 1st crusade
Krak des Chevaliers - crusader castle in Palestine
Northern Italy, Flanders, Northern Germany - spawned an urban culture
Arrival of Mongols amongst Muslims distracted them and allowed Italian merchants to gain an upper hand, able to intrude into the Eastern Mediterranean
San Marco - Venetian cathedral created in 1043, marks time of greatness
1210 - Venetian fortress established on Crete
1244 - Venice traded up into Black Sea
Venice issued gold coin (ducat)
1252 - Florence issued gold coin (florin)
Bruges - founded in 9th century - imported raw wool and wove it into cloth, harvested herring
Ghent - founded in 10th century as a fortress, weavers and dyers
Growing commercial system challenged feudalism and its agricultural base
13th c. onward - monarchs forged alliances with towns
1346 - English using the cannon
1302 - Papal bull urging a single faith
1303 - French troops killed the pope
Clement the 5th moved the papacy to Avignon
In 1409, council deposed both popes (schism)
1417 - Martin V elected pope to heal rift
Cluny - a new monastery created in the 10th century which revitalized the Church, founded by William the Pious in 909 in Burgundy (built a church from 1080-1225)
Cistercian - another new order of monks which helped revitalize the Church and also created new wealth in Europe, founded 1098, white habits, strict interpretation of Benedict, located in wilderness
Gothic Arch - a new way of building which created huge and dramatic structures, will bear more weight
Dominicans - a new order of monks who lived outside the monastery, St. Dominic 1170-1221, use preaching and reason, lived according to rule of Benedict but in the world, became a teaching order
Friars - Dominican monks
Franciscans - a new order of monks which influenced young people across Europe, St. Francis, recovered from illness and gave up all worldly wealth, 1223 founded new order, lived among people, accepted life of poverty, founded universities
Crusade - an attempt to channel Europeans violence to a Christian ideal
Flanders - the area of modern Holland and Belgium which developed an urban culture
Venice - the greatest city of medieval Europe
Doge - the leader of Venice
Florence - a great Italian city state and rival of Venice
Countess Matilda - founder and inspiration for Florence
Guild - structure of business, commerce and manufacturing governing body, ensured materials and prices were approved and work was up to standard
Bruges and Ghent - 2 major cities in Flanders
Hanseatic League - North German league of cities devoted to commerce (1344)
The Hundred Years War - war between England and France (1340-1453) Edward III traded insults with king of France, mercenaries fought for England, the longbow was used by English, 1346 & 1356 & 1415 (Agincourt) English destroyed French heavy cavalry
Parliament - representative body in England which grew during the period, enhanced because kings needed to pay for mercenaries
Estates-General - representative body in France (1302) provided revenues to the crown, insisted on collecting taxes itself
John Hus - religious reformer in Central Europe (Bohemia), burned as a heretic
Joan of Arc - savior of France, led army toward relief of Orleans, captured and ransomed to the English - burned as a heretic (1430)
John Wycliffe - religious reformer in England d. 1384, his bones were burned for heresy
Bubonic Plague - European disease in the 14th century
Renaissance - rebirth of classical culture in Europe
Pope Gregory VII (ruled 1073-1085) spent time a Cluny before he became pope, introduced sweeping reforms in the Church
Papal bulls - letters send from the pope to all churhmen
Chancel - location of high altar
Transept - important local families
Nave - body where strangers and lay brotherhood (illiterate) gathered to worship
St. Bernard of Clairvaux d. 1153 - Cistercian monk who found monastery at Clarivaux
Mont St. Michel - monastery in Normandy 12th and 13th c.
Flying buttress - allowed buildings to be even taller
Astrolabe and abacus obtained from Muslims
Astronomy, physics, geography
Henry IV - Holy Roman Emperor excommunicated by Gregory the VII in 1076. 1077 Henry IV absolved by Pope.
Innocent III - most powerful of all medieval popes 1198-1216
Council of Clairmont 1095 - Pope Urban II proclaimed the 1st Crusade
Godfrey of Bouillon - leader of 1st crusade
Krak des Chevaliers - crusader castle in Palestine
Northern Italy, Flanders, Northern Germany - spawned an urban culture
Arrival of Mongols amongst Muslims distracted them and allowed Italian merchants to gain an upper hand, able to intrude into the Eastern Mediterranean
San Marco - Venetian cathedral created in 1043, marks time of greatness
1210 - Venetian fortress established on Crete
1244 - Venice traded up into Black Sea
Venice issued gold coin (ducat)
1252 - Florence issued gold coin (florin)
Bruges - founded in 9th century - imported raw wool and wove it into cloth, harvested herring
Ghent - founded in 10th century as a fortress, weavers and dyers
Growing commercial system challenged feudalism and its agricultural base
13th c. onward - monarchs forged alliances with towns
1346 - English using the cannon
1302 - Papal bull urging a single faith
1303 - French troops killed the pope
Clement the 5th moved the papacy to Avignon
In 1409, council deposed both popes (schism)
1417 - Martin V elected pope to heal rift
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